Colon cancer

Updated: 2023-07-27

Overview

Colon cancer

Colon cancer

Colon cancer can happen in any part of the colon. An exam of the whole colon using a long, flexible tube with a camera is one way to detect colon cancer and polyps. This exam is called a colonoscopy.

Colon cancer is a growth of cells that begins in a part of the large intestine called the colon. The colon is the first and longest part of the large intestine. The large intestine is the last part of the digestive system. The digestive system breaks down food for the body to use.

Colon cancer typically affects older adults, though it can happen at any age. It usually begins as small clumps of cells called polyps that form inside the colon. Polyps generally aren't cancerous, but some can turn into colon cancers over time.

Polyps often don't cause symptoms. For this reason, doctors recommend regular screening tests to look for polyps in the colon. Finding and removing polyps helps prevent colon cancer.

If colon cancer develops, many treatments can help control it. Treatments include surgery, radiation therapy and medicines, such as chemotherapy, targeted therapy and immunotherapy.

Colon cancer is sometimes called colorectal cancer. This term combines colon cancer and rectal cancer, which begins in the rectum.

Symptoms

Many people with colon cancer don't have symptoms at first. When symptoms appear, they'll likely depend on the cancer's size and where it is in the large intestine.

Symptoms of colon cancer can include:

• A change in bowel habits, such as more frequent diarrhea or constipation.
• Rectal bleeding or blood in the stool.
• Ongoing discomfort in the belly area, such as cramps, gas or pain.
• A feeling that the bowel doesn't empty all the way during a bowel movement.
• Weakness or tiredness.
• Losing weight without trying.

When to see a doctor

If you notice lasting symptoms that worry you, make an appointment with a health care professional.

Causes

Doctors aren't certain what causes most colon cancers.

Colon cancer happens when cells in the colon develop changes in their DNA. A cells' DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do. The changes tell the cells to multiply quickly. The changes let the cells continue living when healthy cells die as part of their natural lifecycle.

This causes too many cells. The cells might form a mass called a tumor. The cells can invade and destroy healthy body tissue. In time, the cells can break away and spread to other parts of the body. When cancer spreads, it's called metastatic cancer.

Risk factors

Factors that may increase the risk of colon cancer include:

• Older age. Colon cancer can happen at any age. But most people with colon cancer are older than 50. The numbers of people younger than 50 who have colon cancer has been growing. Doctors don't know why.
• Black race. Black people in the United States have a greater risk of colon cancer than do people of other races.
• A personal history of colorectal cancer or polyps. Having had colon cancer or colon polyps increases the risk of colon cancer.
• Inflammatory bowel diseases. Conditions that cause pain and swelling of the intestines, called inflammatory bowel diseases, can increase the risk of colon cancer. These conditions include ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease.
• Inherited syndromes that increase colon cancer risk. Some DNA changes that increase the risk of colon cancer run in families. The most common inherited syndromes that increase colon cancer risk are familial adenomatous polyposis and Lynch syndrome.
• Family history of colon cancer. Having a blood relative who has colon cancer increases the risk of getting colon cancer. Having more than one family member who has colon cancer or rectal cancer increases the risk more.
• Low-fiber, high-fat diet. Colon cancer and rectal cancer might be linked with a typical Western diet. This type of diet tends to be low in fiber and high in fat and calories. Research in this area has had mixed results. Some studies have found an increased risk of colon cancer in people who eat a lot of red meat and processed meat.
• Not exercising regularly. People who are not active are more likely to develop colon cancer. Getting regular physical activity might help lower the risk.
• Diabetes. People with diabetes or insulin resistance have an increased risk of colon cancer.
• Obesity. People who are obese have an increased risk of colon cancer. Obesity also increases the risk of dying of colon cancer.
• Smoking. People who smoke can have an increased risk of colon cancer.
• Drinking alcohol. Drinking too much alcohol can increase the risk of colon cancer.
• Radiation therapy for cancer. Radiation therapy directed at the abdomen to treat previous cancers increases the risk of colon cancer.

Prevention

Screening for colon cancer

Doctors recommend that people with an average risk of colon cancer consider starting colon cancer screening around age 45. But people with an increased risk should think about starting screening sooner. People with an increased risk include those with a family history of colon cancer.

There are several different tests that are used for colon cancer screening. Talk about your options with your health care team.

Lifestyle changes to reduce the risk of colon cancer

Making changes in everyday life can reduce the risk of colon cancer. To lower the risk of colon cancer:

• Eat a variety of fruits, vegetables and whole grains. Fruits, vegetables and whole grains have vitamins, minerals, fiber and antioxidants, which may help prevent cancer. Choose a variety of fruits and vegetables so that you get a range of vitamins and nutrients.
• Drink alcohol in moderation, if at all. If you choose to drink alcohol, limit the amount you drink to no more than one drink a day for women and two for men.
• Stop smoking. Talk to your health care team about ways to quit.
• Exercise most days of the week. Try to get at least 30 minutes of exercise on most days. If you've been inactive, start slowly and build up gradually to 30 minutes. Also, talk with a health care professional before starting an exercise program.
• Maintain a healthy weight. If you are at a healthy weight, work to maintain your weight by combining a healthy diet with daily exercise. If you need to lose weight, ask your health care team about healthy ways to achieve your goal. Aim to lose weight slowly by eating fewer calories and moving more.

Colon cancer prevention for people with a high risk

Some medicines can reduce the risk of colon polyps or colon cancer. For instance, some evidence links a reduced risk of polyps and colon cancer to regular use of aspirin or aspirin-like medicines. But it's not clear what dose and what length of time would be needed to reduce the risk of colon cancer. Taking aspirin daily has some risks, including ulcers and bleeding in the digestive system.

These options are generally reserved for people with a high risk of colon cancer. There isn't enough evidence to recommend these medicines to people who have an average risk of colon cancer.

If you have an increased risk of colon cancer, discuss your risk factors with your health care team to see if preventive medicines are safe for you.

Diagnosis

Colonoscopy

During a colonoscopy, the healthcare professional puts a colonoscope into the rectum to check the entire colon.

Colon cancer stages

Colon cancer stages

The stages of colon cancer range from 0 to 4. At stage 0, the cancer only involves the inside the lining of the colon. As the cancer grows, it can go through the colon into nearby areas of the body. Stage 4 is the most advanced stage. At stage 4 the cancer has spread to other parts of the body, such as the liver or lungs.

Diagnosing colon cancer

Tests and procedures used for colon cancer diagnosis include:

• Using a scope to examine the inside of the colon. Colonoscopy uses a long, flexible and slender tube attached to a video camera and monitor to view the whole colon and rectum. A doctor may pass surgical tools through the tube to take tissue samples and remove polyps.
• Removing a sample of tissue for testing. A biopsy is a procedure to remove a sample of tissue for testing in a lab. For colon cancer, the tissue sample is often collected during a colonoscopy. Sometimes surgery is needed to get the tissue sample. In the lab, tests can show whether the cells are cancerous and how quickly they're growing. Other tests can give more information about the cancer cells. Your health care team uses the results to understand your prognosis and create a treatment plan.

• Blood tests. Blood tests aren't used to diagnose colon cancer. But blood tests can give clues about overall health, such as how well the kidneys and liver are working. A blood test might be used to look for a low level of red blood cells. This result might indicate that a colon cancer is causing bleeding.

  Colon cancers sometimes make a protein called carcinoembryonic antigen, also called CEA. Blood tests can track the level of CEA over time. The results might show whether the cancer is responding to treatment. After treatment, CEA blood tests might detect if the cancer comes back.

Colon cancer stages

After a colon cancer diagnosis, other tests might be needed to find out the extent of the cancer. This is called the cancer's stage. The health care team considers the cancer's stage when creating a treatment plan.

Staging tests might include imaging scans of the abdomen, pelvis and chest. Imaging tests take pictures of the body. They show the location and the size of the colon cancer. Often, doctors can't be certain of the cancer's stage until after colon cancer surgery.

Colon cancer stages range from 0 to 4. The lowest numbers mean the cancer is all inside the lining of the colon. By stage 4, the cancer is considered advanced and has spread to other areas of the body. When cancer spreads, it's called metastatic cancer.

Treatment

Partial colectomy

Partial colectomy

During a partial colectomy, a surgeon removes the diseased portion of your colon and a small portion of surrounding healthy tissue. The surgeon may join the cut ends of the colon so that waste leaves your body normally. Or it might be necessary to connect the colon to an opening (stoma) in the abdominal wall, where waste leaves the body and collects in a bag attached to the opening. A stoma is usually temporary, but is sometimes permanent.

Colon cancer treatment usually involves surgery to remove the cancer. Your health care team might recommend other treatments, such as radiation therapy and chemotherapy. Your treatment options depend on the cancer's location and its stage. Your health care team also considers your overall health and your preferences when creating a treatment plan.

Surgery for early-stage colon cancer

Treatment for a very small colon cancer might be a minimally invasive approach to surgery, such as:

• Removing polyps during a colonoscopy, called a polypectomy. If the cancer is contained within a polyp, removing the polyp may remove all of the cancer.
• Endoscopic mucosal resection. This procedure can remove larger polyps during colonoscopy. Special tools help remove the polyp and a small amount of the lining of the colon.
• Minimally invasive surgery, called laparoscopic surgery. This type of surgery can remove polyps that can't be removed during a colonoscopy. In this procedure, a surgeon performs the operation through several small cuts called incisions in the abdominal wall. Instruments with attached cameras go through the cuts and show the colon on a video monitor. The surgeon also may take samples from lymph nodes in the area around the cancer.

Surgery for more advanced colon cancer

If the cancer has grown into or through the colon, a surgeon might recommend:

• Partial colectomy. Surgery to remove part of the colon is called partial colectomy. During this procedure, the surgeon removes the part of the colon that has the cancer. The surgeon also takes some tissue on either side of the cancer. It's often possible to reconnect the healthy portions of the colon or rectum. This procedure can often be done by a minimally invasive approach called laparoscopy.

• Surgery to create a way for waste to leave the body. Sometimes it's not possible to reconnect the healthy portions of the colon or rectum after colectomy. The surgeon creates an opening in the wall of the abdomen from a portion of what's left of the intestine. This procedure, called an ostomy, allows stool to leave the body by emptying into a bag that fits over the opening.

  Sometimes the ostomy is only for a short time to let the colon or rectum heal after surgery. Then it's reversed. Sometimes the ostomy can't be reversed and stays for life.

• Lymph node removal. Nearby lymph nodes are usually removed during colon cancer surgery and tested for cancer.

Surgery for advanced cancer

When it's not possible to remove the cancer with surgery, a surgeon might try to relieve symptoms rather than cure the cancer. This surgery can remove colon blockages and ease symptoms, such as bleeding or pain.

Sometimes the cancer has spread only to the liver or lung in someone who is otherwise healthy. Surgery or other localized treatments might remove the cancer. Chemotherapy might be used before or after this type of procedure. This approach provides a chance to be free of cancer over the long term.

Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy uses strong medicines to kill cancer cells. Chemotherapy for colon cancer is usually given after surgery if the cancer is large or has spread to the lymph nodes. Chemotherapy can kill cancer cells that might be left after surgery. This helps reduce the risk of the cancer coming back.

Chemotherapy might also be used before surgery to shrink a large cancer so that it's easier to remove.

Chemotherapy also can be used to relieve symptoms of colon cancer that can't be removed with surgery or that has spread to other areas of the body. Sometimes it's used with radiation therapy.

Radiation therapy

Radiation therapy uses powerful energy beams to kill cancer cells. The energy can come from X-rays, protons or other sources.

Radiation therapy can shrink a large cancer before an operation to make it easier to remove. When surgery isn't an option, radiation therapy might be used to relieve symptoms, such as pain. Some people have radiation and chemotherapy at the same time.

Targeted therapy

Targeted therapy uses medicines that attack certain chemicals in cancer cells. By blocking these chemicals, targeted treatments can cause cancer cells to die.

Targeted therapy is usually combined with chemotherapy. Targeted therapy is typically used for people with advanced colon cancer.

Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy is a treatment with medicine that helps the body's immune system kill cancer cells. The immune system fights off diseases by attacking germs and other cells that shouldn't be in the body. Cancer cells survive by hiding from the immune system. Immunotherapy helps the immune system cells find and kill the cancer cells.

Immunotherapy is usually reserved for advanced colon cancer.

Palliative care

Palliative care is a special type of health care that focuses on relieving pain and other symptoms of a serious illness. Palliative care is done by a team of health care professionals. The team can include doctors, nurses and other specially trained professionals. Their goal is to improve the quality of life for people with serious illness and their families.

Palliative care is an extra layer of support during cancer treatment. When palliative care is used with all other appropriate treatments, people with cancer may feel better and live longer.

Coping and support

It can be hard to cope with a cancer diagnosis. In time, people learn to cope in their own ways. Until you find what works for you, you might try to:

• Learn enough about your cancer to make treatment decisions. Ask your health care team about the type and stage of your cancer, as well as your treatment options and their side effects. The more you know, the more you'll be able to take part in decisions about your care. Ask your health care team to recommend other sources of information, such as websites you can trust.
• Keep friends and family close. Keeping people you care about close to you can help you deal with cancer. Friends and family can help you take care of things if you're in the hospital. And they can offer you support when you feel like you have too much to handle.

• Find someone to talk with. Find a good listener who will listen to you talk about your hopes and fears. This may be a friend or family member. Talking to a counselor, medical social worker, clergy member or cancer support group also might be helpful.

  Ask your health care team about support groups in your area or contact a cancer organization, such as the National Cancer Institute or the American Cancer Society.

Preparing for an appointment

If you have colon cancer, you'll likely be referred to specialists who treat the disease. You might meet with:

• A doctor who treats digestive diseases, called a gastroenterologist.
• A doctor who uses medicines to treat cancer, called an oncologist.
• A doctor who removes colon cancer using surgery, called a surgeon.
• A doctor who uses radiation to treat cancer, called a radiation oncologist.

Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.

What you can do

Ask a family member or friend to go to your appointment with you to help you remember the information you're told.

Make a list of:

• Your symptoms and when they began.
• Key medical information, including other conditions you have and your family medical history.
• All medicines, vitamins or supplements you take, including doses.
• Questions to ask your health care team.

Some basic questions to ask include:

• Where in my colon is my cancer?
• What is the stage of my colon cancer?
• Can you explain the lab report of my cancer to me?
• Can I have a copy of my lab report?
• Has my colon cancer spread? Where to?
• Will I need more tests?
• What are the treatment options for my colon cancer?
• What is the chance that my colon cancer can be cured?
• What are the potential side effects of each treatment?
• How will each treatment affect my daily life?
• How much time can I take to decide about treatment?
• Are there any brochures or other printed material that I can take with me? What websites do you recommend?

What to expect from your doctor

Be prepared to answer some basic questions about your symptoms, such as:

• Have your symptoms been ongoing, or do they come and go?
• How bad are your symptoms?
• What, if anything, seems to improve your symptoms?
• What, if anything, appears to worsen your symptoms?